Abstract
Chronic pain in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex multidimensional
experience that includes biologic, psychologic, sociologic, and spiritual factors.
To date, three models of pain associated with SCD (i.e., biomedical model, biopsychosocial
model for SCD pain, and Health Beliefs Model) have been published. The biopsychosocial
multidimensional approach to chronic pain developed by Turk and Gatchel is a widely
used model of chronic pain. However, this model has not been applied to chronic pain
associated with SCD. In addition, a spiritual/religious dimension is not included
in this model. Because spirituality/religion is central to persons affected by SCD,
that dimension needs to be added to any model of chronic pain in adults with SCD.
In fact, data from one study suggest that spirituality/religiosity is associated with
decreased pain intensity in adults with chronic pain from SCD. A biopsychosocial-spiritual
model is proposed for adults with chronic pain from SCD, because it embraces the whole
person. This model includes the biologic, psychologic, sociologic, and spiritual factors
relevant to adults with SCD based on past and current research. The purpose of this
paper is to describe an adaptation of Turk and Gatchel’s model of chronic pain for
adults with SCD and to summarize research findings that support each component of
the revised model (i.e., biologic, psychologic, sociologic, spiritual). The paper
concludes with a discussion of implications for the use of this model in research.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Pain Management NursingAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- The relationship among spirituality, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adults with sickle cell disease (doctoral dissertation).University of Texas, Arlington2007
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2004). Sickle cell disease patients in U.S. hospitals. Retrieved February 26, 2009, from http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb21.jsp
- Sickle cell disease and pulmonary hypertension in Africa: A global perspective and review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management.American Journal of Hematology. 2008; 83: 63-70
- The public’s view of the crisis in medical care: An impetus for changing delivery systems?.Economic and Business Bulletin. 1971; 24: 44-52
- Clinical effectiveness of an interdisciplinary pain management programme compared with standard inpatient rehabilitation in chronic pain: A naturalistic, prospective controlled cohort study.Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2009; 41: 569-575
- Sickle cell disease; Pain, coping and quality of life in a study of adults in the UK.British Journal of Health Psychology. 2002; 7: 331-344
- Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) allele and sickle cell disease: A huge review.American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 151: 839-845
- Why patients use alternative medicine: Results of a national study.JAMA. 1998; 279: 1548-1553
- Religiousness and Spiritual support among advanced cancer patients and associations with end-of-life treatment preferences and quality of life.Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007; 25: 555-560
- Sickle cell anemia: Progress in pathogenesis and treatment.Drugs. 2002; 62: 1143-1172
- Pain management in SCD.Hematology Oncology Clinics of North America. 2005; 19: 785-802
- Hydroxyurea and sickle cell anemia: Effect on quality of life.Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2006; 4
- Instilling the strength to fight the pain and get on with life: Learning to become an arthritis self-manager through an adult education programme.Health Education Research. 1996; 14: 533-544
- Assessment of psychosocial functioning of patients with sickle cell disease.Southern Medical Journal. 1988; 81: 745-750
- Religious coping and hospital admissions among adults with sickle cell disease.Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2010; 34: 120-127
- Guideline for the management of acute and chronic pain in sickle cell disease: APS clinical practice guidelines series no. 1.American Pain Society, Glenview, IL1999
- Sickle cell anemia day hospital: An approach for the management of uncomplicated painful crises.Blood. 2000; 95: 1130-1136
- Pain management in sickle cell disease: Palliative care begins at birth?.American Society of Hematology. 2008; 1: 466-474
- Home treatment of pain for children and adolescents with sickle cell disease.Pain Management Nursing. 2004; 5: 126-135
- Factors that influence adolescent adaptation to sickle cell disease.Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2000; 25: 287-299
- Nonpharmacological management of sickle cell pain.Hematology. 2004; 9: 235-237
- Pain management in sickle cell disease.Chronic Illness. 2006; 2: 39-50
- Self-efficacy, pain, and physical activity among fibromyalgia subjects.Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1995; 8: 43-50
Center for Arab and Genetic Studies (2007). Sickle cell anemia. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from http://www.cags.org.ae/pdf/603903.pdf
- The role of catastrophizing in sickle cell disease—The PISCES project.Pain. 2007; 33: 39-46
- Withdrawal hyperalgesia after acute opioid physical dependence in nonaddicted humans: A preliminary study.The Journal of Pain. 2003; 4: 511-519
- Coping with rheumatoid arthritis pain in daily life: Within-person analyses reveal hidden vulnerability for the formerly depressed.Pain. 2006; 126: 198-209
- Role of spirituality in patients with sickle cell disease.The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 2001; 14: 116-122
- Religious/spiritual coping in adolescents with sickle cell disease: A pilot study.Journal Pediatric Hematology Oncology. 2009; 31: 313-318
- Characteristics of pain managed at home in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease by using diary self-reports.Journal of Pain. 2002; 3: 461-470
- Physical and cognitive-behavioral activities used in the home management of sickle pain: A daily diary study in children and adolescents.Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 2004; 43: 674-678
- Vaso-occlusion in children with sickle cell disease: Clinical characteristics and biologic correlates.Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2004; 26: 785-790
- Disruption of attention and working memory traces in individuals with chronic pain.Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2007; 104: 1223-1229
- Sickle cell disease.Pediatrics in Review. 2007; 28: 259-268
- Toward a middle range theory of adaptation to chronic pain.Nursing Science Quarterly. 2004; 17: 78-84
- Self-efficacy as a predictor of adult adjustment to sickle cell disease: One-year outcomes.Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001; 63: 850-858
- An assessment of the relative influence of pain coping, negative thoughts about pain, and pain acceptance on health-related quality of life among people with hemophilia.Pain. 2009; 145: 169-175
- The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine.Science. 1977; 196: 129-136
- Pain, negative mood, and perceived support in chronic pain patients: A daily diary study of people with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999; 67: 776-785
- Theory and practice of self-induced pain management: Approaches learned from effective copers.Journal of Black Psychology. 1999; 25: 427-452
- Assessment of children and young adults using the adolescent pediatric pain tool.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, (23). 2002; : 114-120
- Comorbidity of chronic pain and mental health disorders: The biopsychosocial perspective.American Psychologist. 2004; 59: 795-805
- A randomized controlled trial of manual therapy and specific adjuvant exercise for chronic low back pain.Clinical Journal of Pain. 2005; 21: 463-470
- Follow-up of coping skills training in adults with sickle cell disease: Analysis of daily pain and coping practice diaries.Health Psychology. 2000; 19: 85-90
- Daily mood and stress predict pain, health care use, and work activity in African American adults with sickle cell disease.Health Psychology. 2004; 23: 267-274
- Experimental pain sensitivity and reports of negative thoughts in adults with sickle cell disease.Behavior Therapy. 1995; 26: 273-293
- Religious and spiritual beliefs and practices of persons with chronic pain.Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 2007; 51: 21-33
- Spiritual issues and needs: Perspectives from patients with advanced cancer and nonmalignant disease—A qualitative study.Palliative Support Care. 2004; 2: 371-378
- Psychosocial predictors of long-term adjustment to lower-limb amputation and phantom limb pain.Disability and Rehabilitation. 2004; 26: 882-893
- Socioeconomic distress and health status: The urban-rural dichotomy of services utilization for people with sickle cell disorder in North Carolina.Journal of Rural Health. 2000; 16: 43-55
- Religiosity, spirituality, and pain in patients with sickle cell disease.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2005; 193: 250-257
- Depression in sickle cell disease.Journal of the National Medical Association. 2003; 95: 533-537
- Population estimates of sickle cell disease in the U.S.American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2010; 38: 512-521
- Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality.Implications for Physical and Mental Health Research. 2003; 58: 64-74
- Patient satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain: Predictors and relationship to compliance.The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2005; 21: 302-310
- A comparison of chronic pain between an urban and rural population.Journal of Community Health Nursing. 2002; 19: 213-224
- Perceptions of the religion-health connection among African American church members.Qualitative Health Research. 2006; 16: 268-281
- An interactive model of pain and myocardial ischemia.Psychosomatic Medicine. 2007; 69: 632-639
- Pain management in sickle cell disease.Pain Management Nursing. 2001; 2: 121-131
- The influence of family support on chronic pain.Behavior Research and Therapy. 1990; 28: 283-287
- Successful aging with sickle cell disease: Using qualitative methods to inform theory.Journal of Theory Construction and Testing. 2008; 12: 16-24
- Religion, spirituality, and medicine: Research findings and implications for clinical practice.Southern Medical Journal. 2004; 97: 1194-1200
- Pain expectancies, pain, and functional self-efficacy, expectancies as determinants of disability in patients with chronic low back disorders.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996; 64: 212-220
- Group cognitive behavioural treatment for low-back pain in primary care: A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis.Lancet. 2010; 9718: 916-923
- Psychopathology in patients with sickle cell disease.Psychosomatics. 1983; 24: 23-37
- Self-care in adults with sickle cell disease.Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2001; 24: 228-245
- Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1995; 35: 80-94
- Structure-function relations of human hemoglobins.Proceedings from Baylor University Medical Center. 2006; 19: 239-245
- Experiences of hospital care and treatment for pain from sickle cell disease: A qualitative study.British Journal of Medicine. 1999; 318: 1585-1590
- Gender differences in pain and healthcare utilization for adult sickle cell disease patients: The PISCES project.Journal of Women’s Health. 2006; 15: 146-154
- Discussing spirituality with patients: A rational and ethical approach.Annals of Family Medicine. 2004; 2: 356-361
- Coping or acceptance: What to do about chronic pain?.Pain. 2003; 105: 197-204
- Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: An examination in a nationally representative sample.Pain. 2003; 106: 127-133
- Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain.Pain. 2005; 117: 51-57
- Gender differences in pain, fatigue, and depression in patients with cancer.JNCI Monographs. 2004; 32: 139-143
- Red cell membrane: Past, present, and future.Blood. 2008; 112: 3939-3948
- Reports of memory functioning by patients with chronic pain.Clinical Journal of Pain. 2005; 21: 287-291
- Pain syndromes in sickle cell disease: An update.Pain Medicine. 2009; 10: 470-480
- Leukocyte adhesion and the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease.Current Opinion in Hematology. 2006; 13: 40-44
- Renaissance of sickle cell disease research in the genome era.Imperial College Press, London2007
- Nurses’ attitudes and practices in sickle cell pain management.Applied Nursing Research. 2001; 14: 187-192
- Sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies.International Anesthesiology Clinics. 2004; 42: 77-93
- The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic back pain disability.Pain. 2005; 113: 45-50
- Pain in sickle cell disease: Rates and risk factors.New England Journal of Medicine. 1991; 325: 11-16
- Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death.New England Journal of Medicine. 1994; 330: 1639-1644
- Pain and stress in sickle cell disease: An analysis of daily pain records.International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1998; 5: 185-203
- The role of stress and mood in sickle cell disease pain.Journal of Health Psychology. 2000; 5: 53-63
- Long-term experience with implanted intrathecal drug administration systems for failed back syndrome and chronic mechanical low back pain.Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2002; 3: 17-25
- Factors associated with chronic noncancer pain in the Canadian population.Pain Research Management. 2009; 14: 454-460
- Psychosocial determinants of health care utilization in sickle cell disease patients.Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1997; 19: 171-178
- The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population.Pain. 2005; 116: 311-321
- Historical origins of the health belief model.Health Education Monographs. 1974; 2: 328-335
- Gender differences in chronic pain—Findings from a population-based study of Norwegian adults.Pain Management Nursing. 2004; 5: 105-117
- Depression, disease severity, and sickle cell disease.Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1999; 22: 115-126
- Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is involved in mediating hypoxia-induced sickle red blood cell adherence to endothelium: Potential role in sickle cell disease.Blood. 1996; 88: 2311-2320
- The impact of chronic pain in the community.Family Practice. 2001; 18: 292-299
- Understanding pain and improving management of sickle cell disease: The PISCES study.Journal of the National Medical Association. 2005; 97: 183-193
- Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease.Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008; 148: 94-101
- Effect of hydroxyurea on mortality and morbidity in adult sickle cell anemia.Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003; 289: 1645-1651
- A biopsychosocial-spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life.The Gerontologist. 2002; 42: 24-33
- A review of the literature on the multiple dimensions of chronic pain in adults with sickle cell disease.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2010; 40: 416-435
- Rural/urban differences in access to and utilization of services among people in Alabama with sickle cell disease.Public Health Reports. 2003; 118: 27-36
- Stress, coping, and psychological adjustment of adults with sickle cell disease.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1992; 60: 433-440
- Psychological adjustment of adults with sickle cell anemia: Stability over 20 months, correlates, and predictors.Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1996; 52: 253-261
- Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook.2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York2002
- Biopsychosocial perspective on chronic pain.in: Turk D.C. Gatchel R.J. Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook. 2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York2002: 3-30
- Primary role for adherent leukocytes in sickle cell vascular occlusion: A new paradigm.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2002; 99: 3047-3051
- Multiple primary choledocholithiasis in sickle cell disease.Internal Medicine. 2008; 47: 2169-2170
- Gallstones in sickle cell disease: Observations from the Jamaican Cohort Study.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2000; 136: 80-85
- Comprehensive, integrative management of pain for patients with sickle-cell disease.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2006; 12: 995-1001
Article info
Publication history
Published online: December 15, 2011
Accepted:
June 6,
2011
Received in revised form:
June 4,
2011
Received:
December 31,
2010
Footnotes
Ms. Taylor is supported by a T32 grant (NR007088) from the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). Dr. Miaskowski receives support from the NINR, the National Cancer Institute, and the American Cancer Society.
Identification
Copyright
© 2013 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
