The Sensitization Model to Explain How Chronic Pain Exists Without Tissue Damage
Received 23 July 2009; received in revised form 1 March 2010; accepted 1 March 2010. published online 23 July 2010. Corrected Proof
Abstract
The interaction of nurses with chronic pain patients is often difficult. One of the reasons is that chronic pain is difficult to explain, because no obvious anatomic defect or tissue damage is present. There is now enough evidence available indicating that chronic pain syndromes such as low back pain, whiplash, and fibromyalgia share the same pathogenesis, namely, sensitization of pain modulating systems in the central nervous system. Sensitization is a neuropathic pain mechanism in which neurophysiologic changes may be as important as behavioral, psychologic, and environmental mechanisms. The sensitization model provides nurses with an opportunity to explain pain as a physical cause related to changes in the nervous system. This explanation may improve the patient's motivation to discuss the importance of psychosocial factors that contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain. In this article, sensitization is described as a model that can be used for the explanation of the existence of chronic pain. The sensitization model is described using a metaphor. The sensitization model is a useful tool for nurses in their communication and education toward patients.
University Center for Sport, Exercise, and Health, Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Address correspondence to C. P. van Wilgen, University Center for Sport, Exercise and Health, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
ABSTRACT