Pain Management Nursing
Volume 12, Issue 3 , Pages 180-187 , September 2011

Risk Factors for Opioid-Induced Excessive Respiratory Depression

Received 7 January 2010 ,Revised 24 January 2010 ,Accepted 1 February 2010.

References 

  1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: Recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. the report of an American academy of sleep medicine task force. Sleep. 1999;22(5):667–689
  2. In: American Pain Society  editors. Guidelines for the management of pain in osteoarthiritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile chronic arthritis. Glenview, IL: American Pain Society; 2002;
  3. Ancoli-Israel S, Engler RL, Friedman PJ, Klauber MR, Ross PA, Kripke DF. Comparison of patients with central sleep apnea. with and without cheyne-stokes respiration. Chest. 1994;106(3):780–786
  4. Athanasos P, Smith CS, White JM, Somogyi AA, Bochner F, Ling W. Methadone maintenance patients are cross-tolerant to the antinociceptive effects of very high plasma morphine concentrations. Pain. 2006;120(3):267–275
  5. Bessler H, Shavit Y, Mayburd E, Smirnov G, Beilin B. Postoperative pain, morphine consumption, and genetic polymorphism of IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Neuroscience Letters. 2006;404(1-2):154–158
  6. Bingold TM, Scheller B, Kloesel S, Wissing H, Zwissler B, Byhahn C. Supplemental jet ventilation in conscious patients following major oesophageal surgery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2007;35(6):968
  7. Cox BM. Molecular and cellular mechanisms in opioid tolerance. In:  Basbaum AI,  Besson JM editor. Toward a new pharmacotherapy of pain. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 1991;p. 137–155
  8. Dahan A, Teppema LJ. Influence of anaesthesia and analgesia on the control of breathing. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;91(1):40–49
  9. Eckstrand JA, Habib AS, Williamson A, Horvath MM, Gattis KG, Cozart H, et al. Computerized surveillance of opioid-related adverse drug events in perioperative care: A cross-sectional study. Patient Safety in Surgery. 2009;3(1):18
  10. Ferreyra GP, Baussano I, Squadrone V, Richiardi L, Marchiaro G, Del Sorbo L, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of respiratory complications after abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Surgery. 2008;247(4):617
  11. Fink BR. Influence of cerebral activity in wakefulness on regulation of breathing. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1961;16:15–20
  12. Flemons WW, Whitelaw WA, Brant R, Remmers JE. Likelihood ratios for a sleep apnea clinical prediction rule. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994;150(5):1279–1285
  13. Fukuda K. Scientific principles; intravenous opioid anesthetics. In:  Miller RD editors. Anesthesia. 5th ed. New York: Churchhill Livingstone; 2000;p. 380–407
  14. Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL, Caplan RA, Connis RT, Cote CJ, et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A report by the American society of anesthesiologists task force on perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(5):1081–1093
  15. Guilleminault C, Bassiri A. Clinical features and evaluation of obsstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and upper airway resistance syndrome. In:  Kryger M,  Roth T,  Dement W editor. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005;p. 1043–1052
  16. Gupta K, Weber ML. Renal effects of opioid exposure: Considerations for therapeutic use. Journal of Opioid Management. 2006;2(4):236–240
  17. Gutstein HB, Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In:  Brunton L,  Lazo J,  Parker K editor. Goodman and Gillman's the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 11th ed. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill; 2005;p. 547
  18. Hiestand DM, Britz P, Goldman M, Phillips B. Prevalence of symptoms and risk of sleep apnea in the US population: Results from the national sleep foundation sleep in america 2005 poll. Chest. 2006;130(3):780–786
  19. Hudgel DW, Devadatta P. Decrease in functional residual capacity during sleep in normal humans. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology. 1984;57(5):1319–1322
  20. Hudgel DW, Martin RJ, Johnson B, Hill P. Mechanics of the respiratory system and breathing pattern during sleep in normal humans. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology. 1984;56(1):133–137
  21. Javaheri S. CPAP should not be used for central sleep apnea in congestive heart failure patients. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2006;2(4):399
  22. Ladd LA, Kam PC, Williams DB, Wright AW, Smith MT, Mather LE. Ventilatory responses of healthy subjects to intravenous combinations of morphine and oxycodone under imposed hypercapnic and hypoxaemic conditions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2005;59(5):524–535
  23. Lalley PM. Mu-opioid receptor agonist effects on medullary respiratory neurons in the cat: Evidence for involvement in certain types of ventilatory disturbances. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2003;285(6):R1287–R1304
  24. Leino K, Mildh L, Lertola K, Seppala T, Kirvela O. Time course of changes in breathing pattern in morphine- and oxycodone-induced respiratory depression. Anaesthesia. 1999;54(9):835–840
  25. Manfredi PL, Ribeiro S, Chandler SW, Payne R. Inappropriate use of naloxone in cancer patients with pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1996;11(2):131–134
  26. Meng . Postoperative nausea and vomiting with application of postoperative continuous positive airway pressure after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obesity Surgery. 2008;Retrieved February 28, 2010, from http://www.springerlink.com.ezpminer.urmc.rochester.edu/content/120415/?K=meng
  27. Mercadante S, Bruera E. Opioid switching: A systematic and critical review. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2006;32(4):304–315
  28. Mikus G, Somogyi AA, Bochner F, Chen ZR. Polymorphic metabolism of opioid narcotic drugs: Possible clinical implications. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 1991;20(1):9–12
  29. Moore TJ, Cohen MR, Furberg CD. Serious adverse drug events reported to the food and drug administration, 1998-2005. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167(16):1752–1759
  30. Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP. Using the Berlin questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999;131(7):485–491
  31. Nielsen CK, Ross FB, Lotfipour S, Saini KS, Edwards SR, Smith MT. Oxycodone and morphine have distinctly different pharmacological profiles: Radioligand binding and behavioural studies in two rat models of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2007;132(3):289–300
  32. Nisbet AT, Mooney-Cotter F. Comparison of selected sedation scales for reporting opioid-induced sedation assessment. Pain Management Nursing: American Society of Pain Management Nurses. 2009;10(3):154–164
  33. Nitu M, Medregoniu D, Olteanu M, Olteanu M, Maceseanu AV. Importanta depistarii si tratamentului sindromului apneei obstructive de somn in prevenirea complicatiilor postoperatorii [Importance of diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea to prevent postoperative complications]. Pneumologia (Bucharest, Romania). 2008;57(3):127–130
  34. Renault JA, Costa-Val R, Rossetti MB. [Respiratory physiotherapy in the pulmonary dysfunction after cardiac surgery]. Revista Brasileira De Cirurgia Cardiovascular. 2008;23(4):562;Portuguese
  35. Schumacher MA, Basbaum AI, Way WL. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In:  Katzung BG editors. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2004;Retrieved February 28, 2010, from http://mdl.miner.rochester.edu.ezpminer.urmc.rochester.edu/mdl/mdl.cgi?categories=EBook
  36. Smetana GW, Lawrence VA, Cornell JE, College American. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: Systematic review for the American College of Physicians of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006;144(8):581–595
  37. Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E, Schellino MM, Biolino P, Occella P, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005;293(5):589
  38. Stoermer R, Drewe J, Dursteler-Mac Farland KM, Hock C, Mueller-Spahn F, Ladewig D, et al. Safety of injectable opioid maintenance treatment for heroin dependence. Biological Psychiatry. 2003;54(8):854–861
  39. Strassburg A, Majunke B, Notges JK, Ortak J, Kothe H, Weitz G, et al. Central sleep apnea is associated with blunted baroreflex sensitivity in patients with myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology. 2008;126(3):333–339
  40. Szollosi I, Thompson BR, Krum H, Kaye DM, Naughton MT. Impaired pulmonary diffusing capacity and hypoxia in heart failure correlates with central sleep apnea severity. Chest. 2008;134(1):67–72
  41. Teichtahl H, Wang D, Cunnington D, Quinnell T, Tran H, Kronborg I, et al. Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. Chest. 2005;128(3):1339–1347
  42. Thomson Healthcare (2007). Micromedex. Retrieved January 23, 2010, from http://www.thomsonhc.com/hcs/librarian.
  43. Tsai WH, Remmers JE, Brant R, Flemons WW, Davies J, Macarthur C. A decision rule for diagnostic testing in obstructive sleep apnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003;167(10):1427–1432
  44. Wagner P, West J. Respiratory physiology. In:  Mason R,  Murray J,  Braoddus B,  Nadel J editor. Mason, Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 4th ed. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders; 2005;p. 51;Retrieved February 28, 2010, from www.mdconsult.com/ezpminer.urmc.rochester.edu/das/book/body/186184435-2/0/1288/34.html?tocnode=51470009&fromURL=34.html#4-u1.0-B0-7216-0327-0..x5001-0-section2-73
  45. Walker JM, Farney RJ, Rhondeau SM, Boyle KM, Valentine K, Cloward TV, et al. Chronic opioid use is a risk factor for the development of central sleep apnea and ataxic breathing. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2007;3(5):455–461
  46. Wang D, Teichtahl H. Opioids, sleep architecture and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2007;11(1):35–46
  47. Wang D, Teichtahl H, Goodman C, Drummer O, Grunstein RR, Kronborg I. Subjective daytime sleepiness and daytime function in patients on stable methadone maintenance treatment: Possible mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2008;4(6):557
  48. Wang J, Wang N, Xie J, Walton SC, McKown RL, Raab RW, et al. Restricted epithelial proliferation by lacritin via PKCalpha-dependent NFAT and mTOR pathways. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2006;174(5):689–700
  49. Webster LR, Choi Y, Desai H, Webster L, Grant BJ. Sleep-disordered breathing and chronic opioid therapy. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass). 2008;9(4):425–432
  50. White DP. Central sleep apnea. In:  Kryger M,  Roth T,  Dement W editor. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005;
  51. Wolters U, Wolf T, Stutzer H, Schroder T. ASA classification and perioperative variables as predictors of postoperative outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996;77(2):217–222
  52. Young T, Peppard PE. Clinical presentation of OSAS: Gender does matter. Sleep. 2005;28(3):293–295
  53. Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: A population health perspective. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002;165(9):1217–1239
  54. Zarbock A, Mueller E, Netzer S, Gabriel A, Feindt P, Kindgen-Milles D. Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure following cardiac surgery protects from postoperative pulmonary complications: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 500 patients. Chest. 2009;135(5):1252–1259

PII: S1524-9042(10)00016-0

doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2010.02.001

Pain Management Nursing
Volume 12, Issue 3 , Pages 180-187 , September 2011